Geophysical mapping is a research area focused on using various techniques to create detailed maps of the Earth's subsurface based on physical properties such as density, magnetism, electrical conductivity, and seismic wave propagation. These maps can be used to identify and characterize subsurface features such as mineral deposits, groundwater resources, and fault lines. Geophysical mapping techniques include ground-penetrating radar, magnetometry, electrical resistivity imaging, and seismic reflection surveys. These methods are often used in combination to provide a comprehensive understanding of subsurface structures and processes. Geophysical mapping is commonly used in geology, environmental science, and resource exploration.